4 syllables: Ca, co, phon, ous. Stress on phon.
kuh-KAH-fuh-nuhs
/kəˈkɑːfənəs/
Cacophonous is pronounced kuh-KAH-fuh-nuhs (/kəˈkɑːfənəs/). It has four syllables (Ca-co-phon-ous), with the stress on "phon". Cacophonous is an adjective describing something that produces a harsh, discordant mixture of sounds. It often refers to noisy, jarring environments or noises that clash or grate on the ears. The term conveys a sense of unpleasant audio chaos rather than musical harmony.
adjectiveCacophonous is an adjective describing something that produces a harsh, discordant mixture of sounds. It often refers to noisy, jarring environments or noises that clash or grate on the ears. The term conveys a sense of unpleasant audio chaos rather than musical harmony.
"The construction site was loud and cacophonous, with metal clanging and diesel engines roaring."
"Her headphones muffled the cacophonous din of the crowded subway station."
"The orchestra paused as a cacophonous feedback loop overwhelmed the hall."
Pronounce it kuh-KOF-uh-nuhs with the stress on the second syllable: /ˌkæ.kəˈfoʊ.nəs/ in US English IPA. Note the sequence sounds like kah-kah-FOH-nuhs, where the primary stress is on the second syllable and the final -ous is pronounced as /əs/. Mouth position: start with a soft 'k' release, short 'a' as in cat, a light 'ka' before the stressed 'fo' syllable, then a clear 'fo' with a long o, finishing with a light schwa and 's'. Audio reference: you can hear variations on well-known pronunciation platforms; listen for the /ˌkæ.kəˈfoʊ.nəs/ rhythm and stress.
Common mistakes include stressing the wrong syllable (putting emphasis on the first or third instead of the second), confusing the /ɔː/ or /oʊ/ vowel in the stressed syllable, and softening the final /s/ into a /z/ in rapid speech. To correct: practice the second syllable stress with /ˈfoʊ/ and end with a crisp /nəs/ rather than /nz/. Record yourself saying kuh-KOF-uh-nuhs and compare to a native model to adjust the vowel length and final sibilant.
In US and UK accents, the key differences are vowel quality in the stressed /foʊ/ and the rhoticity; US speakers may have a slightly more rhotic /ɹ/ influence before the final /nəs/, while UK speakers may have a sharper /ˈfoʊ/ with less rhotic coloring. Australian pronunciation often features a broader vowel under the stressed syllable, sometimes with a reduced /ə/ in the second syllable. Overall, the primary stress pattern remains 2nd syllable, but vowel realization and rhythm shift subtly by region.
The difficulty lies in the unstressed second and third syllables with /kəˈkɒfənəs/ in some dialects, the long /oʊ/ in the stressed /foʊ/, and the final /əs/ cluster that can blur in fast speech. Learners often misplace primary stress or merge the /fɒ/ into /fæ/ or shorten the ending. Slow, deliberate practice of the two central vowels and the final /əs/ helps; listening to native models and matching IPA transcriptions clarifies the correct rhythm and mouth positions.
Does the word ever reduce syllables in casual speech? In careful speech, the pronunciation is three syllables (cac-o-phon-ous often conceptualized as ca-co-phon-ous with optional elision). In rapid conversation, some speakers may subtly compress to four phonetic beats: /kəˈkɒ-fə-nəs/ with a lighter secondary vowel in the middle. The key is maintaining the primary stress on the second syllable and keeping the 'fo' sound distinct. IPA reference /ˌkæ.kəˈfoʊ.nəs/.
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Cacophonous comes from the Greek kakophonos, where kakos means bad or evil and phone means voice or sound. The combining form -phon- relates to sound (as in phonetics, telephone). The term entered English in the early 19th century, originally used in art and literary criticism to describe harsh or jarring sounds in poetry or music criticism. Over time, cacophonous broadened beyond purely musical contexts to describe any environment or noise that is aggressively unpleasant to hear. The root kak- often appears in words denoting negativity or bad outcomes, while -phon- is a productive root for sound-related terms. First known uses appear in literary and critical writings of the Romantic and Victorian periods, where authors contrasted cacophonous urban noise with more serene, harmonious sounds in nature and classical music. In modern usage, cacophonous is a standard adjective in both academic discussions of acoustics and everyday descriptions of noisy environments. The evolution reflects a shift from a scholarly term to a common descriptor for environmental sound aesthetics.
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Words that rhyme with "Cacophonous"
-ous sounds
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