Environmental Science

Extinction is the state or process of a species, family, or larger group ceasing to exist. It can also refer to the end of something once widespread or practiced. In biology, extinction means no living members of a given taxon remain. The term emphasizes permanence and complete disappearance rather than temporary absence.

Extirpation is the act of rooting out and destroying something completely, often a plant or organism, or figuratively removing something undesirable. It denotes thorough eradication rather than partial elimination, and is used in scientific, medical, and literary contexts to describe complete extinction or removal.

Flux (n.) refers to a state of continuous change or movement, often used to describe variability, instability, or the flow of substances in chemistry and physics. It can describe ongoing processes, transitions, or flux in social or economic contexts. In specialized fields, it denotes the rate of flow or transfer within a system and is frequently paired with stability or equilibrium concepts.

Forest is a noun meaning a large area densely filled with trees and undergrowth. It can also refer to a wild, wooded region in a country or a large extent of trees within a landscape. The term often conveys a sense of natural ecosystem, shade, and a habitat for wildlife, and is frequently used in ecological, literary, and everyday contexts.

Fungus is a simple, non-vascular organism, often plant-like in appearance but living as a decomposer or parasite. It reproduces via spores and includes yeasts, molds, and more complex mushrooms. In everyday use, it refers to any member of the kingdom Fungi distinct from plants and animals. The term is widely used in biology, medicine, and horticulture to describe organisms with a threadlike mycelium and chitinous cell walls.

Gas refers to a state of matter that expands to fill its container. It also denotes a fuel used for heating, cooking, or powering engines. In everyday speech, gas can mean the substance in breath or the gaseous form of a substance, and informally, it can be used as a casual exclamation or to describe exciting or energetic people or events.

Geology is the science that studies the Earth, including its materials, processes, and history. It integrates observations from rocks, fossils, and landscapes to understand Earth's structure, composition, and evolution over time. The term is widely used in academic, educational, and professional contexts relating to earth science.

Geothermal refers to heat derived from the Earth, especially for energy or heating. It involves tapping subterranean heat sources—such as hot water or steam—to generate power or provide direct warmth. The term combines geo- (earth) with thermal (heat), and is commonly used in engineering, energy policy, and environmental discussions.

Glaciation refers to the process or result of forming, advancing, or covering with glaciers, typically meaning an era of ice expansion in geological history. It involves large-scale cooling, ice sheet growth, and the modification of landscapes through glacial erosion and deposition. The term is often used in earth science to describe climatic phases and their effects on geography and ecosystems.

Gradient refers to the degree of change in a quantity over a distance or time, often represented by a sloped line or slope in graphs and maps. It also describes any gradual transition or progression in quality, intensity, or another variable. In fields like mathematics, physics, and design, it conveys a steady, incremental difference rather than abrupt shifts.

Grassland refers to an area dominated by grasses, typically with few trees, such as prairies or steppes. It denotes a large, open landscape where grasses are the primary vegetation. The term emphasizes habitat type and ecosystem rather than a cultivated field. It is a compound noun formed from grass + land, commonly used in geography, ecology, and environmental science.

A compound noun or adjective referring to a structure with transparent walls and roof made of glass, used for cultivating plants or housing them in controlled environments. In common use, it also denotes a house that is green in exterior or environmental-context terms. It functions as a single lexical item in modern English, though its parts retain independent meanings.

Groundcover refers to vegetation, such as low-growing plants or creeping species, that spreads across the surface of the ground to suppress weeds, reduce erosion, and provide aesthetic or ecological benefits. It is a compound noun used in horticulture and landscaping. The term emphasizes coverage and habit rather than a single plant, and is often discussed in contexts of garden design and land management.

Groundwater refers to water that fills the pore spaces and fractures in soil and rock beneath the earth's surface. It is stored in aquifers and can move slowly through underground pathways. It is a critical source for drinking water, irrigation, and industrial use, often separate from surface water. Understanding groundwater involves geology, hydrology, and sustainable management.

Habitat is the natural environment or locale in which a plant, animal, or organism typically lives, grows, and carries out its life processes. It denotes the space and conditions that support survival, reproduction, and daily activity, including food, shelter, and climate. The term is widely used in ecology, biology, and environmental science to describe living contexts and ecological niches.

Hydro is a combining form meaning 'water' used in scientific terms (e.g., hydroelectric, hydrolyze) and often stands alone in informal contexts as shorthand for hydrotherapy. It denotes water-related processes or treatments and is typically used as a prefix or standalone root in technical language. The word is short, with a light first syllable and a clear, closed second syllable, and is highly resonant in fields involving water or moisture.

Hydrology is the science concerned with the distribution, movement, and properties of Earth's water. It analyzes precipitation, streams, lakes, and groundwater to understand the water cycle, climate interaction, and water resources. The term is used across geology, environmental science, and civil engineering contexts to describe water-related processes and measurements.

Hydrophobic describes a substance or molecule that repels water; it tends to be nonpolar and does not mix with water, forming droplets or separating from aqueous solutions. In biology and chemistry, it refers to surfaces or compounds that avoid contact with water, often due to nonpolar characteristics. The term is commonly used in materials science, biochemistry, and cell biology to contrast with hydrophilic substances.

Infiltration refers to the act or process of entering or penetrating something, especially to gain information or establish a presence. It can describe physical entry, biological seepage, or covert penetration in strategic or security contexts. The term often implies gradual, sustained intrusion rather than a single, overt act.