Computer Science

Bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies available for transmitting signals, or, in a broader sense, the capacity or capacity limit of a communication channel or system. In computing, it also denotes the data transfer rate of a network connection. It is commonly used metaphorically to describe the mental or logistical capacity available for a task or project.

Barrier is a noun meaning something that blocks, obstructs, or prevents progress or access. It can refer to physical obstacles, like a fence, or figurative ones, such as cultural or logistical hurdles. The term emphasizes prevention rather than destruction and is commonly used in everyday speech and formal contexts alike.

Binary refers to something composed of two parts or a base-two numeral system. In computing, it denotes data represented using two symbols, typically 0 and 1. The term also appears in mathematics and genetics to indicate dual characteristics. The word carries technical and everyday usage, so precise pronunciation helps avoid confusion with related terms like ‘bi-nary’ and ‘binary code.’

Bitmap is a short, computer-science term referring to a grid of bits that represents a bitmap image. In practice, it denotes a raster image format and data structure used to store pixel information. The word combines bit + map, and is typically pronounced as a single, two-syllable word in technical speech.

Boolean refers to a type of data that has one of two possible values, typically true or false, used in logic and computer science. The term also applies to a family of operations that yield true or false results. In practice, it denotes a binary condition or variable, and is central to programming, database queries, and digital logic design.

A botnet is a network of compromised computers or devices under centralized control, typically used to carry out coordinated cyber activities such as spamming, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, or data theft. The term combines 'robot' and 'net' to indicate a robotic, networked army of bots. It is commonly encountered in cybersecurity discussions and technical reporting.

Branch is a common noun and verb referring to a division or offshoot of a main structure, organization, or system. It can denote a limb on a tree or a division within a company, government, or field of knowledge. The word carries metaphorical and literal senses, often implying branching pathways, connections, or subdivisions. Pronunciation remains steady across contexts, with a short, sharp initial consonant cluster and a clear final /tʃ/ sound.

Bus is a short, closed syllable noun referring to a road vehicle carrying passengers. In most varieties, it is pronounced as a single, unstressed syllable with a final /s/ or /z/ sound, depending on following phonemes. It denotes a common mode of transportation and appears in everyday speech, travel, and urban planning contexts.

Cache (noun): a hidden store of provisions or valuables; in computing, a temporary storage location. The term implies secrecy and quick retrieval, often used to describe a small, concealed reserve. It is pronounced with a single syllable in common use, emphasizing a crisp initial consonant and a short final vowel sound.

Checksum is a small value derived from a data set, used to detect errors in transmission or storage. It involves computing a numeric or alphanumeric result from the information content, and comparing it with a stored or transmitted checksum to verify integrity. In computing contexts, it’s a technical term often used with algorithms like CRC or parity checks, forming part of data validation processes.

Cipher typically means a secret code or the algorithm used to encode or decode information. It can also refer to the number zero in some contexts. In everyday use, it often denotes a method of concealed communication or a cryptographic key system. The term spans technical cryptography and general coding concepts.

Ciphertext refers to information that has been transformed by a cipher to conceal its original meaning, so it appears as a scrambled or unreadable text to unauthorized readers. It is the output of encryption, not plaintext, and can be decrypted back to legible data with the correct key. The term is widely used in cryptography, cybersecurity, and data protection contexts.

Class is a countable noun referring to a group of students at a given education level or a category or quality of something. It can also denote a social hierarchy or style. In everyday use, it ranges from formal academic contexts to casual phrases like “first class” or “classy” in compliment or critique, depending on tone and setting.

A person or organization that receives professional services or advice, typically for a fee. In business contexts, a client is the beneficiary of a service provider’s work and forms a client–vendor relationship that may be ongoing or project-based.