Chemistry

Bromine is a chemical element and a halogen, typically a reddish-brown liquid at room temperature with a sharp, choking odor. It is used in various industrial applications and occurs naturally in seawater. In scientific contexts, bromine is discussed in terms of compounds, reactivity, and safety considerations due to its toxicity and volatility.

Calcium is a chemical element and essential mineral in vertebrates, primarily known for its role in bone health and muscular function. In science contexts it appears as Ca on the periodic table and in compounds, while in nutrition it is discussed as a key dietary mineral. The term combines the Latin root calx, meaning lime, with chemical naming conventions.

Calorimetry is the science of measuring heat changes in physical and chemical processes, typically by observing temperature changes in a system and relating them to energy transfer. It involves devices and methods that quantify heat exchange, caloric content, or heat capacity, to infer properties such as reaction enthalpy or material efficiency. It is a precise, experimental discipline used in chemistry, physics, and engineering.

Carbon is a chemical element with symbol C, constituting organic compounds and many minerals. In everyday use it describes the element in its various allotropes, like graphite and diamond, and in contexts such as carbon footprint and carbon dating. The term spans science, industry, and environmental discussion, and is frequently encountered in both formal and informal discourse.

Catalyst (noun) a person or thing that precipitates or accelerates a change or reaction. It can also refer to a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing permanent change. In everyday use, a catalyst is something that spurs action or transformation in a system, process, or group.

Cerium is a chemical element, a soft, silvery-white metal in the lanthanide series. As a noun, it’s used to refer to this element, its compounds, or the derived element family. In scientific contexts you’ll often see it in discussions of periodic tables, chemistry experiments, and material science.

Cesium is a chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, highly reactive alkali metal known for its extreme reactivity with water and its use in precise atomic clocks. In academic and professional contexts, cesium is discussed in chemistry, physics, and metrology, often alongside lithium and rubidium.

Chlorine is a chemical element with a pungent smell and a pale yellow-green color, widely used for disinfection and in water treatment. As a noun, it refers to the halogen element Cl in the periodic table. It is highly reactive and forms compounds with many elements, and is often encountered in household cleaners and swimming pools.

Chromium is a chemical element with the symbol Cr and atomic number 24, known for its strength and corrosion resistance. In everyday usage, it refers to the element or its compounds, and in tech contexts it names the Chromium browser project. The term comes from the Greek word chroma meaning color, reflecting its colorful compounds.

Cobalt is a hard, silvery-blue chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. It is widely used in alloys, batteries, and pigments. In common usage, the term also refers to a deep blue color resembling the metal’s hue, or to cobalt-containing substances.

Copernicium is a synthetic, highly radioactive chemical element with atomic number 112. It is named in honor of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. The term is used primarily in advanced chemistry and physics contexts to discuss superheavy elements and their properties, synthesis, and the status of research in relativistic quantum chemistry.

Copper is a metallic element with a reddish-brown color and high electrical conductivity. In everyday use, it refers to the metal itself or items made from it. The word also appears in phrases like copper wire and copper age, and it can describe a color resembling the metal. The term originates from Latin cuprum and has been adopted into English with stable pronunciation over centuries.

Darmstadtium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Ds and atomic number 110. It is highly unstable and only produced in particle accelerators for experimental purposes. The word is used in scientific literature and discussions on the periodic table, typically in advanced chemistry contexts.

Dysprosium is a rare earth element used to make strong magnets and phosphors, notable for its high magnetic moment and stability at high temperatures. In chemistry and materials science contexts, it is discussed alongside other lanthanides and rare-earth alloys. The term stems from Greek roots and is used primarily in technical, academic, and industrial settings.