turnd
/tɝnd/
turned is pronounced turnd (/tɝnd/). Turned is the past tense and past participle of turn. In practice, it denotes a change of direction or transformation and is used across everyday speech and more formal writing. The word typically functions as a verb form, but can also appear in phrases as an adjective or part of a phrasal construction, conveying completed action or resultant state. The phonology centers on a short, tense vowel and a final /d/ or glottal realization before a nasal or alveolar closure, depending on dialect.
Turned is the past tense and past participle of turn. In practice, it denotes a change of direction or transformation and is used across everyday speech and more formal writing. The word typically functions as a verb form, but can also appear in phrases as an adjective or part of a phrasal construction, conveying completed action or resultant state. The phonology centers on a short, tense vowel and a final /d/ or glottal realization before a nasal or alveolar closure, depending on dialect.
"She turned the corner and saw the fountain."
"The proposal turned out to be more complicated than expected."
"The wheel slowly turned, creaking in the quiet workshop."
Turned is pronounced with a single stressed syllable: /tɜːnd/ (US: /tɝnd/, UK: /tɜːnd/, AU: /tɜːnd/). Start with a dental-alveolar /t/ and a mid-central vowel /ɜː/ (like 'bird' without the final r in non-rhotic accents). Then close with a clear /n/ and end with a voiceless or lightly released /d/. In rapid speech the final /d/ can be unreleased, sounding like /tɜːn̩/ or /tɜːn/. Audio reference: listen for the smooth transition from the stressed vowel to the alveolar nasal before the final /d/.
Common mistakes include: 1) pronouncing the vowel as a tense /ɜː/ in rhotic accents lacking rhotic linkage, leading to /tɜːrd/ with an overt /r/; 2) shortening the vowel to a short /ɜ/ as in 'turn' instead of a longer /ɜː/ before the nasal; 3) misplacing the final /d/ as a /t/ or dropping it in casual speech. Correction: maintain a longer mid-central vowel /ɜː/ or /ɝ/ before the nasal /n/ and ensure a following dental/alveolar /d/; keep the tongue tip near the alveolar ridge, with a crisp stop release for /d/.
In US English, /tɝnd/ features a rhotic /r/ with a tense /ɝ/ vowel before /nd/. In UK English, rhoticity is often reduced; /tɜːnd/ uses a longer, pure /ɜː/ without rhotic coloring; the /d/ is clearly released. In Australian English, tendencies vary, often with a centralised /ɜː/ or slightly closer vowel and less prominent rhotics in some speakers, but commonly /tɜːnd/ as in UK. The main change is rhoticity and vowel quality (length and tongue height).
The difficulty lies in the quick sequence of a tense mid-central vowel before a nasal and then a final dental/alveolar stop, plus variations in rhoticity. Positioning the tongue for /ɜː/ (or /ɝ/) with a precise /n/ and a crisp /d/ can be challenging in rapid speech, particularly when the following word begins with a consonant, causing assimilation or elision. Practice maintaining the vowel height before the nasal and ensuring the /d/ release is audible.
Is the ‘r’ in turned pronounced when the next word begins with a vowel, and does it affect the /ɜː/ vowel? In rhotic American speech you may hear an immediate linking /r/ when the next word starts with a vowel, forming /tɝndɹə/ in some sequences, but standard careful pronunciation keeps /r/ close to the nucleus only when syllable-boundary allows. In most careful speech, the /r/ is not devoiced or added unless required by linked phonology; focus on keeping the nucleus stable /ɝ/ or /ɜː/ before the /n/.
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Turned originates from the Old English word swican or torn? Actually, the modern form derives from the verb turnan (to turn) in Old English, which is cognate with Dutch draaien and German drehen, all from Proto-Germanic *turnijan? The exact Proto-Indo-European root is debated, but it is generally linked to turning movement and changing direction. In Middle English, turned appeared as past tense from turnen with -ed analogies, solidifying as the standard past tense form. The semantic extension to “changed state or opinion” emerged during the Early Modern English period, paralleling other causative/agentive verbs that describe motion or transformation. By the 16th–17th centuries, usage broadened to idioms like “turned out,” “turning point,” and “turning of the tide,” cementing the word as a versatile past action marker in both narrative and analytic prose. First known written attestations appear in legal and poetic texts, with the sense of completion, direction, and consequence shaping modern usage across dialects.
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💡 These words have similar meanings to "turned" and can often be used interchangeably.
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Words that rhyme with "turned"
-ned sounds
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