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Master the International Phonetic Alphabet with this comprehensive guide. Includes full IPA charts, audio examples, and practical tips for pronunciation learners.
Explore our comprehensive pronunciation guides with audio and video examples.
Browse Pronunciation GuidesThe International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is the closest thing pronunciation learners have to a universal decoder. While English spelling offers chaotic guidance—"tough," "though," and "through" share spelling patterns but completely different pronunciations—IPA provides one symbol for each distinct sound. Once you master IPA, you can accurately pronounce any English word, even ones you've never heard before.
This guide provides comprehensive IPA charts for English, practical learning strategies, and resources for mastering phonetic notation. Whether you're a beginner intimidated by strange symbols or an intermediate learner ready to deepen phonetic understanding, this reference will accelerate your pronunciation journey.
The International Phonetic Alphabet was developed by linguists to represent speech sounds across all human languages. For English learners, you need approximately 44 symbols—24 consonants and 20 vowels (numbers vary slightly by accent). Each symbol represents exactly one sound, regardless of spelling.
Dictionary "respelling" systems (like "pronunciation = pruh-nuhn-see-AY-shun") vary between dictionaries, use ambiguous symbols, and can't represent subtle distinctions. IPA is standardized internationally, used in academic linguistics, and provides precise sound representation.
English has roughly 1,100 ways to spell its 44 sounds. The letter "a" represents different sounds in "cat," "father," "cake," "call," and "about." IPA solves this: /æ/ for "cat," /ɑ/ for "father," /eɪ/ for "cake," /ɔ/ for "call," and /ə/ for "about." One symbol, one sound, always.
English consonants are organized by where and how they're produced. Understanding this organization helps you learn symbols systematically rather than memorizing randomly.
| IPA Symbol | Example Word | Phonetic Transcription | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| /p/ | pen | /pɛn/ | Voiceless bilabial plosive |
| /b/ | bat | /bæt/ | Voiced bilabial plosive |
| /t/ | top | /tɑp/ | Voiceless alveolar plosive |
| /d/ | dog | /dɔg/ | Voiced alveolar plosive |
| /k/ | cat | /kæt/ | Voiceless velar plosive |
| /g/ | go | /goʊ/ | Voiced velar plosive |
| /f/ | fan | /fæn/ | Voiceless labiodental fricative |
| /v/ | van | /væn/ | Voiced labiodental fricative |
| /θ/ | think | /θɪŋk/ | Voiceless dental fricative |
| /ð/ | this | /ðɪs/ | Voiced dental fricative |
| /s/ | see | /si/ | Voiceless alveolar fricative |
| /z/ | zoo | /zu/ | Voiced alveolar fricative |
| /ʃ/ | ship | /ʃɪp/ | Voiceless postalveolar fricative |
| /ʒ/ | measure | /ˈmɛʒər/ | Voiced postalveolar fricative |
| /h/ | hat | /hæt/ | Voiceless glottal fricative |
| /tʃ/ | chip | /tʃɪp/ | Voiceless postalveolar affricate |
| /dʒ/ | jump | /dʒʌmp/ | Voiced postalveolar affricate |
| /m/ | man | /mæn/ | Bilabial nasal |
| /n/ | no | /noʊ/ | Alveolar nasal |
| /ŋ/ | sing | /sɪŋ/ | Velar nasal |
| /l/ | lamp | /læmp/ | Alveolar lateral |
| /r/ | red | /rɛd/ | Alveolar approximant |
| /w/ | wet | /wɛt/ | Labio-velar approximant |
| /j/ | yes | /jɛs/ | Palatal approximant |
Voicing: Some consonants vibrate your vocal cords (voiced), others don't (voiceless). Compare /p/ and /b/—same mouth position, different voicing. Feel your throat: /b/ vibrates, /p/ doesn't.
Place of Articulation: Where in your mouth the sound is made. Bilabial uses both lips (/p/, /b/), alveolar uses tongue on ridge behind teeth (/t/, /d/), velar uses back of tongue on soft palate (/k/, /g/).
Manner of Articulation: How air flows. Plosives stop then release air (/p/, /t/, /k/), fricatives create friction (/f/, /s/, /ʃ/), nasals direct air through nose (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/).
Vowels are more complex than consonants because they exist on continuums and vary significantly between accents. This chart represents General American pronunciation.
| IPA Symbol | Example Word | Phonetic Transcription | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| /i/ | see | /si/ | High front tense vowel |
| /ɪ/ | sit | /sɪt/ | High front lax vowel |
| /e/ or /eɪ/ | say | /seɪ/ | Mid front vowel (often a diphthong) |
| /ɛ/ | bed | /bɛd/ | Mid front lax vowel |
| /æ/ | cat | /kæt/ | Low front vowel |
| /ɑ/ | father | /ˈfɑðər/ | Low back vowel |
| /ɔ/ | thought | /θɔt/ | Mid back rounded vowel |
| /o/ or /oʊ/ | go | /goʊ/ | Mid back vowel (often a diphthong) |
| /ʊ/ | book | /bʊk/ | High back lax vowel |
| /u/ | food | /fud/ | High back tense vowel |
| /ʌ/ | cup | /kʌp/ | Mid central vowel |
| /ə/ | about | /əˈbaʊt/ | Mid central vowel (schwa, unstressed) |
| /ɜr/ or /ɝ/ | bird | /bɜrd/ | Mid central r-colored vowel |
| IPA Symbol | Example Word | Phonetic Transcription | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| /eɪ/ | day | /deɪ/ | Glides from /e/ to /ɪ/ |
| /aɪ/ | my | /maɪ/ | Glides from /a/ to /ɪ/ |
| /ɔɪ/ | boy | /bɔɪ/ | Glides from /ɔ/ to /ɪ/ |
| /aʊ/ | now | /naʊ/ | Glides from /a/ to /ʊ/ |
| /oʊ/ | go | /goʊ/ | Glides from /o/ to /ʊ/ |
Vowels are defined by tongue position (high/mid/low, front/central/back) and lip rounding. /i/ (see) has a high front tongue position with spread lips. /u/ (food) has a high back tongue with rounded lips. /æ/ (cat) has a low front position with spread lips.
The schwa /ə/ is special—it's the neutral, relaxed vowel position, occurring only in unstressed syllables. It's the most common vowel sound in English, appearing in words like "about," "taken," "pencil" (the unstressed syllables).
British Received Pronunciation (RP) differs from American English primarily in vowels and R-pronunciation. Here are key differences:
/ɒ/: British "lot" vowel (rounded low back), as in "hot" /hɒt/, "dog" /dɒg/
/ɑː/: British "bath" vowel (long low back), as in "father" /ˈfɑːðə/, "car" /kɑː/
/ɜː/: British "nurse" vowel without R coloring, as in "bird" /bɜːd/, "her" /hɜː/
Length marker ː: Indicates vowel length, crucial in British pronunciation
IPA includes marks beyond individual sounds, representing stress, length, and intonation patterns.
Incorrect stress destroys intelligibility more than incorrect sounds. "Record" as a noun is /ˈrɛkərd/ (stress first syllable), as a verb is /rɪˈkɔrd/ (stress second syllable). Many English word pairs differ only in stress placement.
Don't try to memorize all 44 symbols at once. Use this systematic, three-phase approach.
Start with symbols that resemble their letters: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /m/, /n/, /l/, /r/, /w/, /h/. These 16 consonants use familiar letters, making them easy entry points.
For vowels, begin with /i/ (see), /ɪ/ (sit), /ɛ/ (bed), /æ/ (cat), /ɑ/ (father), /ʌ/ (cup), /u/ (food), /ʊ/ (book). These eight vowels cover the most distinct sounds.
Learn symbols with no letter equivalents: /θ/ (think), /ð/ (this), /ʃ/ (ship), /ʒ/ (measure), /ŋ/ (sing), /j/ (yes), /tʃ/ (chip), /dʒ/ (jump). These represent sounds where English spelling uses multiple letters or confusing patterns.
Add the crucial schwa /ə/ (the most common English vowel) and r-colored /ɜr/ (bird).
Master diphthongs: /eɪ/ (day), /aɪ/ (my), /ɔɪ/ (boy), /aʊ/ (now), /oʊ/ (go). Learn stress notation /ˈ/ and /ˌ/. Practice transcribing complete words with stress marks.
IPA Chart by Paul Meier: Click symbols to hear them in isolation and in words. Includes both American and British pronunciations. Visual mouth diagrams show articulation.
Cambridge University Interactive IPA Chart: Clean interface with clear audio. Includes example words and allows comparison between accents.
Seeing Speech (University of Glasgow): Extraordinary resource showing MRI, ultrasound, and video of sound production. See exactly what your tongue does for each sound.
ToPhonetics.com: Type English text, receive IPA transcription automatically. Great for checking your transcription attempts against correct forms.
IPAReader.xyz: Similar to ToPhonetics but includes both British and American options. Shows alternative pronunciations for words with multiple accepted forms.
PhoTransEdit: Free software for creating and editing phonetic transcriptions. Includes audio synthesis from IPA symbols.
TypeIt.org IPA Keyboard: Browser-based IPA keyboard for typing phonetic transcriptions into any document.
IPA Phonetic Keyboard Chrome Extension: Adds IPA input capability directly to your browser.
IPA Phonetics (iOS/Android): Flashcards and quizzes for learning IPA symbols with audio examples.
Sounds: The Pronunciation App: Interactive phoneme chart with clear audio, minimal pairs, and practice exercises.
Most advanced dictionaries use IPA. Once you know the symbols, you can pronounce any word without audio. Cambridge, Oxford, and Merriam-Webster online dictionaries all include IPA transcriptions.
When making flashcards or notes, include IPA transcriptions. Seeing /ˈfəˈnɛtɪks/ reminds you that "phonetics" stresses the second syllable and reduces the first vowel to schwa.
IPA reveals patterns invisible in spelling. Compare "nation" /ˈneɪʃən/, "national" /ˈnæʃənəl/, "nationality" /ˌnæʃəˈnæləti/. The written forms look similar, but IPA shows vowel changes and stress shifts clearly.
IPA provides precise language for discussing pronunciation. Instead of "the vowel in 'book'," you can say "/ʊ/ sound." This precision eliminates ambiguity, especially in writing.
/ɪ/ vs. /i/: /ɪ/ is "sit," /i/ is "see." Practice minimal pairs: "sit/seat," "bit/beat," "hit/heat."
/æ/ vs. /ʌ/: /æ/ is "cat," /ʌ/ is "cut." Many learners confuse these. Practice: "bat/but," "cap/cup," "bag/bug."
/ɑ/ vs. /ɔ/: Some American accents merge these (the "cot-caught merger"). If your target accent distinguishes them, practice "cot/caught," "Don/dawn."
Create mnemonics: /ʃ/ looks like "sh" merged together. /ŋ/ is "ng" (as in "sing") merged. /ə/ is an upside-down "e" for a reduced vowel. /θ/ and /ð/ have horizontal lines like your tongue between teeth.
Choose one system and stick with it. Mixing American and British IPA creates inconsistencies. If you're learning American English, use American IPA consistently.
Careful speech vs. casual speech pronunciation differs significantly. "I want to go" might be carefully transcribed as /aɪ wɑnt tu goʊ/, but casual speech is /aɪ wənə goʊ/ or even /aɪwənəgoʊ/ (all linked together).
The same phoneme can have different pronunciations (allophones) in different contexts. /t/ in "top" is aspirated [tʰ], but in "stop" it's unaspirated [t], and in "butter" it's a flap [ɾ]. Advanced IPA uses brackets [ ] for these phonetic details.
Broad transcription: Uses slashes / /, shows phonemes (meaningful sounds). Suitable for learners.
Narrow transcription: Uses brackets [ ], shows exact phonetic details including allophones. Used in linguistic research.
As a learner, focus on broad transcription—it provides sufficient detail for pronunciation improvement without overwhelming specificity.
Learning IPA requires initial effort—approximately 6-8 weeks of consistent practice to achieve fluency—but the payoff is permanent independence. You'll never again be confused by English spelling inconsistencies. You'll pronounce new words correctly on first encounter. You'll understand exactly what changes when stress shifts or accents differ.
Start today with five symbols. By next month, you'll read IPA fluently. By three months, you'll transcribe words independently. The International Phonetic Alphabet transforms from mysterious symbols into your most valuable pronunciation tool—a universal key unlocking accurate English pronunciation.