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Learn to read and understand the International Phonetic Alphabet, your key to mastering English pronunciation with confidence and precision.
Explore our comprehensive pronunciation guides with audio and video examples.
Browse Pronunciation GuidesThe International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is the most comprehensive and precise system for representing speech sounds in any language. Unlike traditional English spelling—which is notoriously irregular—the IPA provides a one-to-one correspondence between symbols and sounds. When you master the IPA, you gain the ability to learn the correct pronunciation of any English word, regardless of its spelling quirks, and to communicate precisely about pronunciation with teachers, linguists, and language learners worldwide.
This complete guide will demystify the IPA, teaching you to read and understand phonetic transcriptions with confidence and use this powerful tool to perfect your English pronunciation.
English spelling is deeply inconsistent. Consider these examples:
The IPA eliminates this ambiguity. Each symbol represents exactly one sound, and each sound is represented by exactly one symbol (with some systematic variations for detail levels).
The IPA organizes sounds into two main categories:
Phonetic transcription appears between slashes /ˌlaɪk ˈðɪs/ for phonemic (broad) transcription, or between brackets [laɪkʰ ðɪs] for phonetic (narrow) transcription that includes more detail.
English has 24 consonant phonemes. Let's explore them systematically by their articulatory features.
Produced by completely blocking airflow, then releasing it:
| IPA Symbol | Sound | Example Words | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| /p/ | voiceless bilabial stop | pen, happy, stop | Aspirated [pʰ] in initial position |
| /b/ | voiced bilabial stop | bed, robber, cab | Fully voiced |
| /t/ | voiceless alveolar stop | top, better, cat | Aspirated [tʰ] initially; flapped [ɾ] in American English between vowels |
| /d/ | voiced alveolar stop | dog, ladder, bad | Flapped [ɾ] in American English between vowels |
| /k/ | voiceless velar stop | cat, key, back | Aspirated [kʰ] initially |
| /ɡ/ | voiced velar stop | go, bigger, dog | Note: /ɡ/ not /g/ to avoid confusion |
Produced by forcing air through a narrow channel, creating friction:
| IPA Symbol | Sound | Example Words | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| /f/ | voiceless labiodental fricative | fan, offer, laugh | Top teeth touch bottom lip |
| /v/ | voiced labiodental fricative | van, never, have | Voiced version of /f/ |
| /θ/ | voiceless dental fricative | thin, nothing, bath | "th" sound; tongue between teeth |
| /ð/ | voiced dental fricative | this, brother, breathe | Voiced "th"; tongue between teeth |
| /s/ | voiceless alveolar fricative | sun, nice, buss | Tongue near alveolar ridge |
| /z/ | voiced alveolar fricative | zoo, buzz, easy | Voiced version of /s/ |
| /ʃ/ | voiceless postalveolar fricative | ship, nation, fish | "sh" sound; tongue farther back |
| /ʒ/ | voiced postalveolar fricative | pleasure, vision, beige | Voiced "sh"; rare in English |
| /h/ | voiceless glottal fricative | house, behind, who | Breath sound |
Combinations of stop + fricative articulated as single sounds:
| IPA Symbol | Sound | Example Words | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| /tʃ/ | voiceless postalveolar affricate | church, nature, watch | "ch" sound; /t/ + /ʃ/ |
| /dʒ/ | voiced postalveolar affricate | judge, gym, age | "j" sound; /d/ + /ʒ/ |
Produced with air flowing through the nose:
| IPA Symbol | Sound | Example Words | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| /m/ | voiced bilabial nasal | man, summer, ham | Lips closed |
| /n/ | voiced alveolar nasal | no, dinner, run | Tongue on alveolar ridge |
| /ŋ/ | voiced velar nasal | sing, think, long | "ng" sound; back of tongue |
Consonants with vowel-like qualities:
| IPA Symbol | Sound | Example Words | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| /l/ | voiced alveolar lateral | light, tell, feel | "light l" [l] vs. "dark l" [ɫ] in final position |
| /r/ | voiced alveolar approximant | red, very, car | American /r/ [ɹ]; British often drops final /r/ |
Consonants produced with gliding tongue movement:
| IPA Symbol | Sound | Example Words | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| /w/ | voiced labial-velar approximant | win, away, quick | Lips rounded |
| /j/ | voiced palatal approximant | yes, use, beauty | Not the letter "j"; like Spanish "y" |
English vowel systems vary significantly between dialects. We'll cover General American English, with notes on British Received Pronunciation (RP) differences.
| IPA Symbol | Description | Example Words | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| /i/ | high front tense | see, meat, happy | Long "ee"; RP uses /iː/ |
| /ɪ/ | high front lax | sit, big, women | Short "i" |
| /e/ | mid front lax | bed, said, many | Short "e" |
| /æ/ | low front lax | cat, bad, laugh | Short "a"; not in most British dialects |
| IPA Symbol | Description | Example Words | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| /ə/ | mid central (schwa) | about, sofa, among | Most common English vowel; always unstressed |
| /ʌ/ | mid central lax | cup, love, blood | Stressed version of schwa; short "u" |
| /ɜr/ or /ɝ/ | mid central r-colored | bird, work, her | American "er" sound; RP uses /ɜː/ |
| /ər/ | schwa + r | teacher, doctor, matter | Unstressed "er"; RP often drops /r/ |
| IPA Symbol | Description | Example Words | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| /u/ | high back tense | boot, through, flew | Long "oo"; RP uses /uː/ |
| /ʊ/ | high back lax | book, put, woman | Short "oo" |
| /o/ | mid back | (rare as pure vowel) | Usually part of /oʊ/ diphthong |
| /ɔ/ | low-mid back rounded | caught, law, thought | "aw" sound; RP uses /ɔː/; merged with /ɑ/ in much of US |
| /ɑ/ | low back unrounded | father, hot, stop | RP uses /ɒ/ (rounded) for "hot" |
Diphthongs are vowel sounds that glide from one position to another within a single syllable:
| IPA Symbol | Description | Example Words | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| /eɪ/ | mid front to high front | cake, day, great | Long "a"; glides toward /ɪ/ |
| /aɪ/ | low to high front | time, fly, night | Long "i"; /a/ to /ɪ/ glide |
| /ɔɪ/ | low-mid back to high front | boy, toy, choice | "oy" sound; /ɔ/ to /ɪ/ glide |
| /aʊ/ | low to high back | house, now, loud | "ow" sound; /a/ to /ʊ/ glide |
| /oʊ/ | mid to high back | go, home, boat | Long "o"; RP often uses /əʊ/ |
American English has additional r-colored diphthongs:
| IPA Symbol | Example Words | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| /ɪr/ or /ɪɚ/ | near, here, fear | RP: /ɪə/ |
| /er/ or /eɚ/ | care, there, hair | RP: /eə/ |
| /ʊr/ or /ʊɚ/ | poor, tour, cure | RP: /ʊə/; often merging with /ɔr/ |
| /ɔr/ | north, force, more | RP: /ɔː/ |
| /ɑr/ | car, star, far | RP: /ɑː/ |
Let's decode the word "pronunciation" /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/:
Try reading these IPA transcriptions:
| IPA | Word |
|---|---|
| /ˈwɔtər/ | water |
| /kəmˈpjutər/ | computer |
| /ˌɪntərˈnæʃənəl/ | international |
| /ˈdɪfɪkəlt/ | difficult |
| /əˈɡrimənt/ | agreement |
| /rɪˈspɑnsəbəl/ | responsible |
| /ˌθɜrmoʊˈdaɪnəmɪks/ | thermodynamics |
Key systematic differences between General American (GA) and Received Pronunciation (RP):
RP drops /r/ after vowels unless followed by a vowel:
RP marks vowel length with /ː/ more systematically:
Voiceless stops /p, t, k/ are aspirated (released with a puff of air) at the beginning of stressed syllables:
American English /t/ and /d/ become flap [ɾ] between vowels:
Some consonants can form syllable nuclei without vowels:
Vowels before nasal consonants are partially nasalized:
The glottal stop [ʔ] often replaces or accompanies /t/ in certain contexts:
Different dictionaries use slightly different IPA conventions:
Most dictionaries use broad transcription; narrow transcription is for linguistic analysis.
Match IPA symbols to sounds you know. Practice writing these symbols:
Practice reading IPA out loud. Start with simple words:
Try transcribing simple words yourself:
Use IPA to understand precise differences:
Look up unfamiliar words in IPA-enabled dictionaries:
Problem pairs:
Solution: Create flashcards with the symbol on one side and example words on the other. Practice daily until recognition is automatic.
Difficult symbols: /ŋ/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /θ/, /ð/, /ə/
Solution: Associate each with a memorable keyword: - /ŋ/ = "sing" - /ʃ/ = "ship" - /ʒ/ = "pleasure" - /θ/ = "thin" - /ð/ = "this" - /ə/ = "about"
Problem: Forgetting where stress marks go or what they mean.
Solution: Remember: stress marks come BEFORE the stressed syllable, not on the vowel. Primary /ˈ/ is taller, secondary /ˌ/ is shorter.
Problem: Confusion between American and British transcriptions.
Solution: Choose one dialect to focus on initially. Once comfortable, learn the systematic differences rather than treating each word separately.
With dedicated study and regular practice using the exercises and resources in this guide, you'll master the IPA and gain a powerful tool for achieving pronunciation precision and confidence in English and beyond.